Vulnerability Assessment and Penetration Testing (VAPT) are two types of vulnerability testing. Vulnerability assessment is a passive test that attempts to find weaknesses in a system without actually exploiting them. Penetration testing is an active test that tries to find weaknesses in a system by actually exploiting them. The tests have different strengths and are often combined to achieve a more complete vulnerability analysis.

Vulnerabilities are system flaws that allow an attacker to disrupt the integrity of a system. Vulnerabilities can be weak passwords, software errors, incorrect software settings, viruses, malicious scripts, or SQL injections.

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